Hackers operating within the Islamic State’s United Cyber Caliphate may be well-versed and conversant in encrypted communications tools such as Telegram and WhatsApp, but they’re still novices when it comes to their actual cyberattack expertise. While the online propaganda machines and presence of some of the world’s most prominent terrorist groups appear technologically advanced and organized, their underlying cyberattack tools and techniques are still rudimentary and limited, security researchers say.

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