In 2012 when researchers at the security firm Kaspersky Lab publicly exposed the massive and sophisticated suite of nation-state spy tools called Flame, the attackers behind it, seemingly in a panic, swiftly shut down their operation once they realized they’d been caught. They sent a kill module to disable and erase the malware on infected machines—most of which were in the Middle East and North Africa—and also wiped command-and-control servers they had been using to communicate with them.

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